Click on a time period for notes given in class
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Rome, Italy, France, Germany
Hildegard of Binen, Perotin, Leonin, Landini, Machaut
Monophonic music dominant
Instruments are used sparingly
Polyphony begins c.700 – 900 (becomes dominate by the 14th century)
School of Notre Dame (measured rhythm)
Italy, France, England
Low Countries (Flanders) – included parts of the Netherlands, Belgium and Northern France.
Composers from Flanders were referred to as Flemish
Josquin, Palestrina, Gabrieli
Rise of Instrumental Music (vocal music still dominated)
Music printing began
Reformation and Counter-Reformation
Golden Era of Polyphony
Secular vocal music becomes popular
BAROQUE ERA (1600 – 1750)
Italy, France, Germany, England
Beginnings of Opera
Figured Bass
Major-minor scale system created
Instrumental music now equal of vocal
Monteverdi, Vivaldi, Bach (era ends with Bach’s death), Handel
CLASSICAL ERA (1750 – 1820)
Germany, Austria
Symphony, String Quartet
Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven (era ends around the time of Beethoven’s death - 1827)
ROMANTIC ERA (1820 – 1900)
Germany, Eastern Europe, Spain
Beethoven spans eras
Expansive forms, ensembles
Program Music
Ethnic Elements
Schubert, Berlioz, Mendelssohn, Chopin, R. Schumann, Wagner, Verdi, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Dvorak, Mahler
20th CENTURY (1900 – PRESENT)
Impressionism
Primitivism
Expressionism
Folk Elements
Experimentalists
Electronics
Debussy, Ravel, Stravinsky, Bartok, Schoenberg, Shostakovich, Ives, Gershwin, Copland